WordPress 6.0 update deploy failed

There is a similar issue for the install sub-command (not is-installed),
where wp CLI exits silently with exit code 255:

The approach is the same for your issue:
If necessary, you need to manually create the current symlink to the failed release (where wp CLI exits with code 255) and then request the site over HTTP(S). Then check the PHP-FPM global and site-wide logs (again).

Also note that Sage can indeed catch and log some PHP errors in its own log file, so those may not end up in the default PHP-FPM log files:
https://discourse.roots.io/t/tip-http-500-but-no-php-nginx-error-logs/22349